In the EU in 2018, 27.1 % of employees with a low education level were low-wage earners. The level of education also plays an important role: the lower the level, the higher is the likelihood of being a low-wage earner.
More than a quarter (26.3 %) of employees aged less than 30 were low wage earners, compared with 12.6 % for the age group between 30 and 49 and with 13.9 % for the employees aged 50 and over. Low-wage earners by age groups, level of education, type of contract and NACE section, 2018 (Figure 2)įigure 2: Proportion of low-wage earners (%), 2018 - Source: Eurostat (earn_ses_pub1s)Įxpressed in national currency, the low wage thresholds are per hour: Bulgaria: BGN 3.1 Czechia: CZK 105.5 Denmark: DKK 135.3 Croatia: HRK 26.6 Hungary: HUF 929.4 Poland: PLN 14.1 Romania: RON 11.6 Sweden: SEK 124.3 United Kingdom: GBP 9.0 Iceland: ISK 1957.0 Norway: NOK 168.3 Albania: ALL 146.9 Serbia: RSD 221.2. In 2018, the proportion of low wage earners continued to vary significantly between Member States. Highest share of low-wage earners in Latvia, lowest in Sweden In 2018, 15.3 % of employees in the European Union (EU) were low-wage earners compared to 16.4 % in 2014.ġ8.2 % of female employees were low-wage earners, compared with 12.5 % of male employees. Hence, the threshold that determines low-wage earners is relative and specific to each Member State.Īlmost one in every six employees in the European Union is a low-wage earner Low-wage earners are defined as those employees earning two thirds or less of the national median gross hourly earnings. Wages and salaries include any overtime pay, shift premiums, allowances, bonuses, commission, etc.ĮU and EA aggregates are compiled as the sum of all Member States except Greece (EL) for which data were not available at the time of drafting this article. Gross hourly earnings refer to the wages and salaries earned by full-time and part-time employees, per hour paid, in the reference month (generally October 2018) before any tax and social security contributions are deducted.
2 section A) and public administration and defence compulsory social security (NACE Rev. Data on low-wage earners as well as corresponding median gross hourly earnings refer to all employees (excluding apprentices) working in enterprises with 10 employees or more and which operate in all sectors of the economy except agriculture, forestry and fishing ( NACE Rev. The figures below, based on the latest vintage of the SES, relate to October 2018. The SES is important in compiling other structural indicators such as the gender pay gap, the low-wage trap or the unemployment trap. The SES is a large enterprise survey providing detailed information on the structure and distribution of earnings in the EU.
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